Endmyopia Wiki - User contributions [en]

User talk:Imperial-beard

2023-05-25T12:27:15Z

NottNott: /* NottBotWelcome */

{{Template:Welcome|realName=Jake Steiner|name=Imperial-beard}}

-- [[User:New user message|New user message]] ([[User talk:New user message|talk]]) 01:28, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

== Welcome! ==

Welcome to the wiki, that's a very long beard. -[[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 01:34, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Vitruvian Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Technical Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thanks for all of the backend config goodies! -[[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 12:10, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
|}

== EndMyopia Wiki: Launched! ==

Thanks to everyone who has done a terrific job on getting the wiki up to scratch. Definitely a team effort, and I think it's paid off quite nicely. Always more to be done, but the basics look pretty taken care of. Wiki's looking good. We're on the front page of the main site, it's been promoted in Facebook and there should be a video coming out at some point.

[[EM:admin guide|Admin specific]]: the next two to four weeks will be a good barometer of how much [[EM:vandalism|vandalism]] can be expected over time, and whether things need to be changed or not. I'm heavily in favour of keeping it 'create an account, make an edit', but if need be there can be additional restrictions.

Try to check in on [[Special:RecentChanges]] every once in a while to see if anything unsavoury is happening. I might be overestimating the amount of vandalism we'll get, we must wait and see. Don't be afraid to [[Special:Block|block users]] if necessary.

Cheers! {{User:NottNott/sig}} 08:56, 20 June 2020 (UTC)


== NottBotWelcome ==

Hi Jake, you should rename [[User:NottBotWelcome]] and change the message template, otherwise I'm going to be greeting people on their talk page like this: [[User_talk:RajPo]] -[[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 12:24, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
:Alternatively, disable this extension: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:NewUserMessage -[[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 12:27, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

User talk:Imperial-beard

2023-05-25T12:24:23Z

NottNott: /* NottBotWelcome */ new section

2023-01-29T09:49:40Z

NottNott:

'''Lens-induced myopia''' is the researched phenomenon <ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=lens+induced+myopia Google Scholar list of Lens Induced Myopia studies]</ref> that wearing corrective lenses seems to cause myopia to worsen. Typically when someone wears [[distance vision]] glasses for [[close-up]] use.

The actual mechanism is still an area of active research, but the underlying cause appears to be [[axial elongation]]<ref>
{{cite journal| author=McBrien NA, Adams DW| title=A longitudinal investigation of adult-onset and adult-progression of myopia in an occupational group. Refractive and biometric findings. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 1997 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 321-33 | pmid=9040464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9040464 }}
</ref>.

One of several hypotheses is that it is result of [[hyperopic defocus]].<ref name="Proteomic analysis of chick retina during early recovery from lens‑induced myopia">
{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Yun Yun |last2=Chun |first2=Rachel Ka Man |last3=Wang |first3=Jian Chao |last4=Zuo |first4=Bing |last5=Li |first5=King Kit |last6=Lam |first6=Thomas Chuen |last7=Liu |first7=Quan |last8=To |first8=Chi-Ho |date=2018-05-03 |title=Proteomic analysis of chick retina during early recovery from lens‑induced myopia |url=http://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2018.8954/abstract |journal=Molecular Medicine Reports |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.3892/mmr.2018.8954 |issn=1791-2997}}</ref>

It has been shown in studies that myopic defocus is protective against [[Myopia]] progression.<ref name="Long -term effects of optical defocus on eye growth and refractogenesis">
{{Cite journal |last=Tarutta |first=Elena |date=2016 |title=Long -term effects of optical defocus on eye growth and refractogenesis |url=https://www.pum.edu.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/112849/PomeranianJLifeSci_62-01_025-030.pdf |journal=Pomeranian J Life Sci |volume=62(1) |pages=25–30}}</ref>

A core tenant of EM is that doing [[near work]] in lenses designed for [[distance work]] causes myopia progression. Even if hyperopic blur is not induced by the lenses, the [[accommodation]] system is being constantly stressed and this encourages eye [[axial elongation]].<ref>
{{cite journal| author=Read SA, Collins MJ, Woodman EC, Cheong SH| title=Axial length changes during accommodation in myopes and emmetropes. | journal=Optom Vis Sci | year= 2010 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 656-62 | pmid=20562668 | doi=10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181e87dd3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20562668 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal| author=Mallen EA, Kashyap P, Hampson KM| title=Transient Axial Length Change during the Accommodation Response in Young Adults. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 1251-4 | pmid=16505066 | doi=10.1167/iovs.05-1086 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16505066 }}
</ref>This is supported by the fact that both [[bifocals]] and [[multifocals]], which allow the eye to use less accommodation to do near work, are protective against myopia progression <ref name="Can Bifocals Slow Myopia Progression?">
{{Cite journal |last=Gw |first=Fulk |last2=La |first2=Cyert |date=Dec 1996 |title=Can Bifocals Slow Myopia Progression? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9286316/ |journal=Journal of the American Optometric Association |language=en |volume=67(12) |pages=749–754 |pmid=9286316 |via=PubMed}}
</ref><ref name="Myopia Progression With Biofocal Soft Contact Lenses - A Twin Study">
{{Cite journal |last=Aller |first=Thomas |date=2002-12-13 |title=MYOPIA PROGRESSION WITH BIFOCAL SOFT CONTACT LENSES - A TWIN STUDY.: Poster # 142 |url=https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Citation/2002/12001/MYOPIA_PROGRESSION_WITH_BIFOCAL_SOFT_CONTACT.346.aspx |journal=Optometry and Vision Science |language=en-US |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=179 |issn=1538-9235}}
</ref><ref name="Myopia Control With Bifocal Contact Lenses: A Randomized Clinical Trial">
{{Cite journal |last=Aller |first=Thomas |last2=M |first2=Liu |last3=Cf |first3=Wildsoet |date=Apr 2016 |title=Myopia Control With Bifocal Contact Lenses: A Randomized Clinical Trial |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26784710/ |journal=Optometry and Vision Science Supplement |language=en |volume=93(4) |pages=344–52 |pmid=26784710}}
</ref><ref name="Effect of Bifocal Lenses on the Rate of Childhood Myopia Progression">
{{Cite journal |last=Goss |first=D A |date=Feb 1986 |title=Effect of Bifocal Lenses on the Rate of Childhood Myopia Progression |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3953756/ |journal=American journal of optometry and physiological optics |language=en |volume=63(2) |pages=135–41 |pmid=3953756}}
</ref>

==Near Work Induced Myopia==
This term is more heavily associated with [[Pseudomyopia]]. Many optometrists recommend the [[20-20-20 rule]] to prevent eye strain,<ref name="American Optometric Association 20-20-20 rule poster">
{{Cite web |title=American Optometric Association 20-20-20 rule poster |date=2020-05-30 |website=American Optometric Association |url=https://www.aoa.org/documents/infographics/SYVM2016Infographics.pdf |access-date=2020-05-30}}
</ref><ref name="Medical News Today: Does the 20-20-20 rule prevent eye strain?">
{{Cite web |title=20-20-20 rule: How to prevent eye strain |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321536 |last=Nall |first=Rachel |date=2020-05-30 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |access-date=2020-05-30}}
</ref> which may be the mechanism behind myopia progression.

It is arguable if near work induced myopia is the same mechanism as lens induced myopia. Both are cases where you are doing work closer than [[20/20 eyesight]] finds comfortable, whether that acuity is "natural" (before your first pair of glasses) or with-correction.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Articles]]
[[Category:Eye conditions]]

Glasses/il

2023-01-17T15:38:33Z

NottNott: Reverted edits by Imperial-beard (talk) to last revision by NottNott

<div lang="il" dir="rtl">'''משקפיים''' מחמירים את קוצר הראיה שלך וגם מתקנים אותו. אתה שונא אותם, עד שאתה לומד לאהוב אותם ומשחרר אותם לתמיד.</div>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Articles]]

Glasses/il

NottNott:

MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist

2022-04-04T11:48:07Z

NottNott: Created page with " # <pre> # External URLs matching this list will *not* be blocked even if they would # have been blocked by blacklist entries. # # Syn..."

MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist

2022-04-04T11:47:12Z

NottNott: Created page with " # <pre> # External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page. # This list affects only this wiki; refer also to th..."

# <pre>
# External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.
# This list affects only this wiki; refer also to the global blacklist.
# For documentation see https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SpamBlacklist
#
# Syntax is as follows:
# * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment
# * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs
#</pre>

Community:Writings

2022-02-27T18:52:45Z

NottNott: add purge notice

{{EM highly decentralised project}}
__TOC__
This is an area in which everyone, including casual readers, are '''highly encouraged to contribute to'''. Even if you have never edited anything on a wiki before, it's ridiculously easy to [[Special:CreateAccount|create an account]] and [[Help:How to contribute|get started editing]].

You can write your own personal articles on whatever you like to think of about vision improvement here for the world to see. Please be considerate of the fabulous [[EM:Writings|writings policy]] before doing so :)

''If your article doesn't appear after adding it to the respective category, try purging this page.''
==Finding Active Focus==
{{shortcut|Project AF}}
One article at a time, slowly, '''there will be one million ways to find [[Active Focus]]''' on this page. Surely. {{awesome}}

When you're ready, type into the box below the best way you would best describe you have found Active Focus. Seemingly the hardest thing for people to do in all of vision improvement.
{{clear}}
<inputbox>
type=create
buttonlabel=Enter the title for your article here
width=70
searchbuttonlabel=
fulltextbutton=yes
labeltext=
break=yes
preload=Template:Project AF
prefix=Writing:
</inputbox>

{{List:A Million Ways To Find Active Focus}}

==Starting EndMyopia==
{{shortcut|Project STARTING}}
What were your initial experiences doing EndMyopia like? The world wants to know 🤔
{{clear}}
<inputbox>
type=create
buttonlabel=Enter the title for your article here
width=70
searchbuttonlabel=
fulltextbutton=yes
labeltext=
break=yes
preload=Template:Project Starting EM
prefix=Writing:
</inputbox>

{{List:What starting EndMyopia was like}}
==Miscellaneous Writings==
{{shortcut|Project MISC}}
This decentralised project is for anything that '''doesn't fit into any other category'''. Write whatever musings related to eyesight you can think of!
{{clear}}
<inputbox>
type=create
buttonlabel=Enter the title for your article here
width=70
searchbuttonlabel=
fulltextbutton=yes
labeltext=
break=yes
preload=Template:Project Miscellaneous
prefix=Writing:
</inputbox>
{{right|[[List:Miscellaneous_writings|'''Edit the list''']]}}
{{List:Miscellaneous_writings}}

Tratak

2022-02-19T18:53:27Z

NottNott: add 'don't need this article' notice

{{ombox|text=EndMyopia doesn't recommend candle gazing as a necessary activity. Take this article or safely ignore it {{smiley}}}}
If you've been trying to improve your vision you must have heard about '''Tratak'''
its a flame gazing techinique which is usually done on flame like diya or a candle
==Better Try Out Yourself==
Tratak being quite a controversial topic , you cant tell that if it is right for you doing it

some of them state that tratak can quite reduce myopia

some of them say that it should not be done if you have high myopia

some of them say it should not be done with weak eyes

it works different for different peoples if you have complicated vision issues i wont suggest you doing it much ...

'''''try out yourself see if you observe anything bad with your eyes , if yes then stop doing it if no and it gets more clear then yeah you can do it .... it might start double vision but aey thats okay double vision i belive is natural sign of improvement so that shouldnt be an issue
'''''

==Rules==
Start doing it for ten minutes in starting you can always increase it after some days

Wash eyes just after meditation

blink as soon as eyes want but dont do it often

Good to go

==Procedure==
===Getting Into your mind===
You sit in a calm room , turn off the all lights. prefer night if you are doing for eyes. keep the flame at eye level a little up down would be fine but it should be around level which you use your computer

Now in the dark room infront of burnt flame in an Lotus position (folded legs) on a mat on ground , dont do it on a chair

after sitting comfortably .... try to listen the sounds in surrounding feel like you are getting mixed with your surrounding , try indentify where the sound came from and what it is of.
After doing that disconnect from outer world and focus on body , If you have any pain or uncomfort at any part focus on that part ofc dont open your eyes right now

after focusing on the part now disconnect from the body and look whats in your mind whats running on ,,, aey dont touch anything just let whatever is going on ... dont think dont change whats happening even if its a ghost just calmly look it after this disconnect from brain stop thinking about anything now

Last thing to do now is take 3 times deep breath and chant OM '''''''''RELAX'''
Dont strech any body part just relax
===Meditation===
After that just open your eyes and look at the flame .. no thinking nothing just look at flame and relax your eyes while looking at it ... if any thoughts come in mind or you feel scared close eyes for two or three seconds and open them again, Look at the Flame dont blink only untill your eyes let you open them... what i mean here is as soon as they feel little bit of tingling or strain or pain or uncomfort in them just blink blink and relax

''''''Be Aware Doing it with force will just have negative effects like getting a lot of tears and red eyes after the meditation.. if not done forecefully the amount of tears which will come will be really less in ratio the tears coming is a good sign but too many of them are not

After you feel its enough of meditation just fall asleep on ground for few seconds and then go and wash your eyes then you can go to sleep if you want to

==Further Reading==

* [https://liveanddare.com/trataka/ Trataka Meditation: Still Eyes, Still Mind]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka Wikipedia]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3665208/ A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Trataka Yoga Kriya and eye exercises (non-pharmocological methods) in the management of Timira (Ammetropia and Presbyopia)]

Optics related math

2022-01-26T04:28:50Z

NottNott: Undo revision 15958 by NottNott (talk)

{{gif fixer|[[File:Math guy with glasses.gif]]|right}}
Here's a page with maths related to diopters and glasses.

You don't really need to know any of this stuff to improve your eyesight, but it's good to know for deeper understanding {{smiley}}
__TOC__
{{clear}}
==Lenses==
[[File:Lens3.svg|right]]

The image shows a typical converging lens. The three rays drawn each have an interesting characteristic:
* the top ray enters the lens parallel with the optic axis, and so passes through the focal point on the other side
* the middle ray passes through the optical centre of the lens, and is undeviated
* the bottom ray passes through the focal point on the incident side, and so emerges parallel to the optic axis

===The thin lens equation===
<math>\frac{1}{f} = (\frac{1}{s}) + (\frac{1}{s'})</math>
where
* <math>f</math> = focal length of lens
* <math>s</math> = distance to object (<math>S_1</math> on the picture)
* <math>s'</math> = distance to image (<math>S_2</math> on the picture)

===Infinity===
The term '''object at infinity''' is often used. When <math>s=\infty</math> is substituted into the thin lens equation, that term vanishes, so that the focal length is then just the image location. For any sufficiently large object distance, the contribution from the reciprocal becomes negligible.

As the object approaches the lens, the outgoing rays converge less and less, until the object reaches the focus of the lens (<math>s=f</math>), and the transmitted light is parallel - we say it "focuses at <math>s'=\infty</math>", which means it never comes together into a focus. (This can also be described as a virtual image at <math>s'=-\infty</math> - see below.)

===Virtual image===

When the object is brought even closer to the lens (<math>s < f</math>) the emerging rays are now diverging. When substituted into the equation, <math>s' < 0</math>. This is interpreted as a '''virtual image''', ''behind'' the lens. This is the mode in which reading glasses (plus lenses) are used - the eye is able to focus on the virtual image which appears to be further away than the real source object.

===Diverging lens===

A diverging lens behaves in a similar way, but for distant objects - the light rays incident from the source object are refracted outwards so that they are diverging even faster. Again, a virtual focus is said to form behind the lens. The thin lens equation still works as long as you use negative numbers to describe both the (virtual) image location and the focal length.

The corrective lens for [[myopia]] is a diverging lens. It works by forming a virtual image of distant objects, and it is this virtual image that the near-sighted eye is able to focus on. (You can also choose to think of it as lens in series with your eye, forming a compound lens with lower power and therefore a longer focal length.)

===Diopters are inverse meters===

Intuitively, the more powerful a lens is, the more rapidly it can bring incoming light to a focus. So the power is defined as the inverse of the focal length.

''See Also [[Diopters]]''

''See Also [[cm Measurement]]''

Remember that 100cm = 1m.

<math>D = \frac{1}{ \text{meters} }</math>

conversely

<math> \text{meters} = \frac{1}{D}</math>

==Calculating correction==

How to calculate the strength of corrective lenses

===From 20/20 prescription===

The advantage of calculating the strength of [[differentials]]
as a reduction from full prescription is that you don't have to worry about
the [[cylinder]] element - just preserve that part.

Assuming you are wearing your full 20/20 correction (or even if you are fortunate
to be [[emmetropic]]), the eye wants to receive parallel incident light to be relaxed.
So we can use a simple geometric argument to calculate the strength of the (converging)
lens which should be interposed : an object placed at the focus of a converging
lens will result in parallel outgoing light ("focus at infinity"). This parallel light
is exactly what the (fully corrected) eye wants to receive.

But rather than actually placing such a lens in front of your full prescription,
simply add that value (being careful with signs).

ie if your screen is 50cm away, that corresponds to a power of <math>\frac{1}{0.5} = 2D</math>.
So that's the value you'd add to your full prescription (resulting in a less-negative lens).

===From blur horizon of naked eye===

Note that this does not take either [[cylinder]] ([[astigmatism]]) or [[vertex distance]] into account.

Your [[cm measurement]] gives you the distance the eye can see when it is fully relaxed. You want
a (diverging) corrective lens which puts a virtual image of the source object there. So we can solve
the thin lens equation to find <math>f</math> for an arbitrary source object distance <math>s</math>
given <math>s' = -cm</math>.

For full correction, that's easy : <math>s=\infty</math> and so <math>f=s'</math>. E.g. if your
blur horizon is 20cm you need a -5D correction.

For differentials to use a screen at, say, 50cm, just use <math>\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{0.50} + -\frac{1}{0.20} = -3D</math>.
(Which is consistent with the previous version, adding 2D to the calculated full correction of -5D.)

==Point of refraction==
''See also [[Refraction]]''
{{#ev:youtube|9z2jjT_Gm7o|400}}

==Visual acuity==
[[File:TrigonometryTriangle.svg|right|TrigonometryTriangle]]

A reminder about some trigonometry / geometry
# <math>\tan(A) = \frac{a}{b}</math>
#* so for fixed angle, 'a' is proportional to 'b'
# for very small angles (expressed in radians), <math>\tan(A) \approx A</math>
#* so at small angles, 'a' is proportional to 'A'
# <math>1 \text{ radian} = \frac{180}{\pi} \text{ degrees} = \frac{60 \times 180}{\pi} \text{ arc-minutes} </math>

Acuity is a measure of the ability to resolve small details, defined by the "minimum angle of resolution". Normal vision ("20/20", or 1.0) is the ability to resolve features subtending 1 minute of arc. In order to have a bigger-is-better score, the reciprocal of the angle is usually used:

<math> \text{Acuity} = 1/A = \frac{pi}{60 \times 180} \times \frac{b}{a} = 0.00029 \times \frac{b}{a}</math>

An alternative representation of acuity is "logMAR" ("log<sub>10</sub> Minimum Angle of Resolution"). This has a bigger-is-worse direction.
* 0.0 corresponds to "20/20" (1.0 or 1 arc-minute)
* 1.0 is "20/200" (0.1 or 10 arc-minutes)
* -0.3 is "20/10" (2.0 or 0.5 arc-minutes)

On a [[Snellen chart]] the letters are defined on a 5x5 grid: the detail to be resolved to distinguish between characters is one pixel of that grid.
Here 'b' is the distance to the chart (eg 6m) and 'a' is the height of the letters. It's not critical that the eye is at the bottom or top of a row of letters - as long as the angles remain small, the numerical error is insignificant.

Acuity is reported in the form "distance/letter-row", such as "20/40", etc.

<math> \text{Acuity} = 5 \times 0.00029 \times \frac{ \text{distance to chart} }{ \text{letter height} }
= \frac{ \text{distance to chart} }{690 \times \text{letter height} } </math>
<ref>{{cite jake|https://endmyopia.org/use-math-to-turn-any-text-into-your-own-impromptu-eyechart/}}</ref>

Then, for example
* for the "6/12" line, we need <math>690 \times \text{height} = 12m \implies \text{height} = 12m / 690 = 1.73cm</math>
* for the "20/15" line, we need <math>690 \times \text{height} = 15ft \implies \text{height} = 15 * 12 / 690 = 0.26 \text{inch}</math>

The denominator can be interpreted as the distance at which the letters subtend 5 minutes of arc.

==Average axial length accomodation/rate of change==
* The typical emmetropic eye is 25mm
* change in axial length of 1mm = 3D

If someone with typical eyes wanted to adapt say 20/20 to .25 less
normalized within 3-4 months
would need to decrease axial length 0.083mm
about 0.92microns/day - 0.69microns/day average
''Credit: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/endmyopia/permalink/759426960917375/ Mark Podowski]''

==Converting from Glasses to Contact Lens Prescription or vice-versa==
* [[Vertex distance]]
* [[Wikipedia:Vertex_distance|Vertex distance formula (also for astigmatism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Optics related math

2022-01-26T04:28:02Z

NottNott: Undo revision 15350 by NottNott (talk)

[[File:Math guy with glasses.gif|right]]
Here's a page with maths related to diopters and glasses.

You don't really need to know any of this stuff to improve your eyesight, but it's good to know for deeper understanding {{smiley}}
__TOC__
{{clear}}
==Lenses==
[[File:Lens3.svg|right]]

The image shows a typical converging lens. The three rays drawn each have an interesting characteristic:
* the top ray enters the lens parallel with the optic axis, and so passes through the focal point on the other side
* the middle ray passes through the optical centre of the lens, and is undeviated
* the bottom ray passes through the focal point on the incident side, and so emerges parallel to the optic axis

===The thin lens equation===
<math>\frac{1}{f} = (\frac{1}{s}) + (\frac{1}{s'})</math>
where
* <math>f</math> = focal length of lens
* <math>s</math> = distance to object (<math>S_1</math> on the picture)
* <math>s'</math> = distance to image (<math>S_2</math> on the picture)

===Infinity===
The term '''object at infinity''' is often used. When <math>s=\infty</math> is substituted into the thin lens equation, that term vanishes, so that the focal length is then just the image location. For any sufficiently large object distance, the contribution from the reciprocal becomes negligible.

As the object approaches the lens, the outgoing rays converge less and less, until the object reaches the focus of the lens (<math>s=f</math>), and the transmitted light is parallel - we say it "focuses at <math>s'=\infty</math>", which means it never comes together into a focus. (This can also be described as a virtual image at <math>s'=-\infty</math> - see below.)

===Virtual image===

When the object is brought even closer to the lens (<math>s < f</math>) the emerging rays are now diverging. When substituted into the equation, <math>s' < 0</math>. This is interpreted as a '''virtual image''', ''behind'' the lens. This is the mode in which reading glasses (plus lenses) are used - the eye is able to focus on the virtual image which appears to be further away than the real source object.

===Diverging lens===

A diverging lens behaves in a similar way, but for distant objects - the light rays incident from the source object are refracted outwards so that they are diverging even faster. Again, a virtual focus is said to form behind the lens. The thin lens equation still works as long as you use negative numbers to describe both the (virtual) image location and the focal length.

The corrective lens for [[myopia]] is a diverging lens. It works by forming a virtual image of distant objects, and it is this virtual image that the near-sighted eye is able to focus on. (You can also choose to think of it as lens in series with your eye, forming a compound lens with lower power and therefore a longer focal length.)

===Diopters are inverse meters===

Intuitively, the more powerful a lens is, the more rapidly it can bring incoming light to a focus. So the power is defined as the inverse of the focal length.

''See Also [[Diopters]]''

''See Also [[cm Measurement]]''

Remember that 100cm = 1m.

<math>D = \frac{1}{ \text{meters} }</math>

conversely

<math> \text{meters} = \frac{1}{D}</math>

==Calculating correction==

How to calculate the strength of corrective lenses

===From 20/20 prescription===

The advantage of calculating the strength of [[differentials]]
as a reduction from full prescription is that you don't have to worry about
the [[cylinder]] element - just preserve that part.

Assuming you are wearing your full 20/20 correction (or even if you are fortunate
to be [[emmetropic]]), the eye wants to receive parallel incident light to be relaxed.
So we can use a simple geometric argument to calculate the strength of the (converging)
lens which should be interposed : an object placed at the focus of a converging
lens will result in parallel outgoing light ("focus at infinity"). This parallel light
is exactly what the (fully corrected) eye wants to receive.

But rather than actually placing such a lens in front of your full prescription,
simply add that value (being careful with signs).

ie if your screen is 50cm away, that corresponds to a power of <math>\frac{1}{0.5} = 2D</math>.
So that's the value you'd add to your full prescription (resulting in a less-negative lens).

===From blur horizon of naked eye===

Note that this does not take either [[cylinder]] ([[astigmatism]]) or [[vertex distance]] into account.

Your [[cm measurement]] gives you the distance the eye can see when it is fully relaxed. You want
a (diverging) corrective lens which puts a virtual image of the source object there. So we can solve
the thin lens equation to find <math>f</math> for an arbitrary source object distance <math>s</math>
given <math>s' = -cm</math>.

For full correction, that's easy : <math>s=\infty</math> and so <math>f=s'</math>. E.g. if your
blur horizon is 20cm you need a -5D correction.

For differentials to use a screen at, say, 50cm, just use <math>\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{0.50} + -\frac{1}{0.20} = -3D</math>.
(Which is consistent with the previous version, adding 2D to the calculated full correction of -5D.)

==Point of refraction==
''See also [[Refraction]]''
{{#ev:youtube|9z2jjT_Gm7o|400}}

==Visual acuity==
[[File:TrigonometryTriangle.svg|right|TrigonometryTriangle]]

A reminder about some trigonometry / geometry
# <math>\tan(A) = \frac{a}{b}</math>
#* so for fixed angle, 'a' is proportional to 'b'
# for very small angles (expressed in radians), <math>\tan(A) \approx A</math>
#* so at small angles, 'a' is proportional to 'A'
# <math>1 \text{ radian} = \frac{180}{\pi} \text{ degrees} = \frac{60 \times 180}{\pi} \text{ arc-minutes} </math>

Acuity is a measure of the ability to resolve small details, defined by the "minimum angle of resolution". Normal vision ("20/20", or 1.0) is the ability to resolve features subtending 1 minute of arc. In order to have a bigger-is-better score, the reciprocal of the angle is usually used:

<math> \text{Acuity} = 1/A = \frac{pi}{60 \times 180} \times \frac{b}{a} = 0.00029 \times \frac{b}{a}</math>

An alternative representation of acuity is "logMAR" ("log<sub>10</sub> Minimum Angle of Resolution"). This has a bigger-is-worse direction.
* 0.0 corresponds to "20/20" (1.0 or 1 arc-minute)
* 1.0 is "20/200" (0.1 or 10 arc-minutes)
* -0.3 is "20/10" (2.0 or 0.5 arc-minutes)

On a [[Snellen chart]] the letters are defined on a 5x5 grid: the detail to be resolved to distinguish between characters is one pixel of that grid.
Here 'b' is the distance to the chart (eg 6m) and 'a' is the height of the letters. It's not critical that the eye is at the bottom or top of a row of letters - as long as the angles remain small, the numerical error is insignificant.

Acuity is reported in the form "distance/letter-row", such as "20/40", etc.

<math> \text{Acuity} = 5 \times 0.00029 \times \frac{ \text{distance to chart} }{ \text{letter height} }
= \frac{ \text{distance to chart} }{690 \times \text{letter height} } </math>
<ref>{{cite jake|https://endmyopia.org/use-math-to-turn-any-text-into-your-own-impromptu-eyechart/}}</ref>

Then, for example
* for the "6/12" line, we need <math>690 \times \text{height} = 12m \implies \text{height} = 12m / 690 = 1.73cm</math>
* for the "20/15" line, we need <math>690 \times \text{height} = 15ft \implies \text{height} = 15 * 12 / 690 = 0.26 \text{inch}</math>

The denominator can be interpreted as the distance at which the letters subtend 5 minutes of arc.

==Average axial length accomodation/rate of change==
* The typical emmetropic eye is 25mm
* change in axial length of 1mm = 3D

If someone with typical eyes wanted to adapt say 20/20 to .25 less
normalized within 3-4 months
would need to decrease axial length 0.083mm
about 0.92microns/day - 0.69microns/day average
''Credit: [https://www.facebook.com/groups/endmyopia/permalink/759426960917375/ Mark Podowski]''

==Converting from Glasses to Contact Lens Prescription or vice-versa==
* [[Vertex distance]]
* [[Wikipedia:Vertex_distance|Vertex distance formula (also for astigmatism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Guide:Reducing normalized

2022-01-24T20:28:55Z

NottNott: recommended

In general, you only want to reduce '''0.25 diopters from a full, 20/20 prescription'''. The 20/20 standard indicates that you can consistently read the 20 foot or 6 meter line (half or better correct) on the [[Snellen chart]] from that distance in reasonably good indoor lighting without [[active focus]]. If your set up only allows for a 10 foot or 3 meter chart keep in mind that this isn't quite as accurate, you can account for this by increasing your standard to a fairly clear 100 percent of the 20/20 line.

You would do well to wait for the non dominant eye to be at this standard as well, (see [[ocular dominance]]). Getting 20/20 once is not necessarily an indication you are ready to reduce, it could just be a good day. Reducing too early leads to unnecessary struggle with excessive blur and eye strain that might slow or even stop your progress. With that consideration, it is a good idea to make sure the 20/20 holds for at least a week if not 2 before reducing.

If you're experiencing any [[double vision]], it's recommended to wait until it clears up before reducing.

When introducing a [[normalized]] reduction you should perform a "[[zero diopter reset]]".
It is a good idea to keep the full correction (your previous normz) handy for night driving; at least for the first stretch of time in your new reduction.
== See also ==
* [[Guide:Reducing lens complexity]]
* [[Guide:Reducing differentials]]
* [[Guide:How to measure your eyesight]]

[[Category:Guides]]

Clinical Studies

2021-12-31T13:11:19Z

NottNott: add lasik section

Below you can find many third party clinical studies on the progression of myopia and how myopia may be reversed.
==Causes of Myopia==
===Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in humans===
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"Significant changes in optical axial length occurred in human subjects after 60 minutes of monocular defocus."'' IOVS, 2010]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65151-5 ''"The human eye is able to discern the sign of defocus within minutes after exposure to blur and make changes in its axial length in a direction to reduce the amount of retinal blur"'', Scientific Reports, 2020]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16505066/ ''"During relatively short periods of accommodative stimulation, axial length increases in ... young adults"'', IOVS, 2006]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20562668/ ''"The eye undergoes a significant axial elongation associated with a brief period of accommodation..."'', OVS, 2010]
*[https://endmyopia.org/dr-morgan-dr-megaw-preventing-axial-elongation-and-the-development-of-myopia/ ''"It is therefore clear that preventive approaches need to concentrate on measures that prevent or reduce axial elongation, since this would result in a reduction in both the need for refractive correction and the long-term pathological outcomes"'', Acad Med Singapore, 2004]
*[https://endmyopia.org/glasses-make-your-eyes-grow-not-in-a-good-way/ ''"Refractive correction of myopia will lead to accelerated progression"'', OPO, 2007]
*[https://endmyopia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The_progression_of_corrected_myopia_with_pages_as_published_clean_10.1007_s00417-015-2991-5.pdf ''"Continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression that increases myopia..."'', GACEO, 2015]
*[https://europepmc.org/article/med/3688185''"...A reduction in the axial length of the adult eye serves as an emmetropizing mechanism..."'', AJOPO, 1987]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2711345''"...This study found that small but significant bi-directional changes in SFCT (Sub-Foveal Choroidal Thickening) were caused by retinal defocus in healthy presbyopic subjects aged 50 to 67 years of age...."'', IOVS, 2018]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010292/''"Small but significant changes in SFCT (Sub-Foveal Choroidal Thickening) (5-8%) were caused by retinal defocus. ."'', OPO, 2015]

===Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in animals===
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x ''"Extrapolation of these (animal) findings to humans predicts that natural emmetropization (normal eye development) will be inhibited...by early intervention with prescription lenses..."'' OPO, 2007]
*[https://endmyopia.org/can-axial-length-be-reduced-for-less-myopia/ ''"It has been suggested that environmental factors such as extensive near work act as triggers of myopia....The expression of AL (Axial Length) genes activated by environmental factors leads to the elongation of AL (Axial Length)."'' Ophthalmologica, 2011]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23557736/ ''"Hyperopic defocus accelerated vitreous chamber elongation (Axial Length) and produced myopic shifts in refractive error...Following lens removal, the...monkeys recovered from the induced myopia..."'' IOVS, 2013]
*[https://endmyopia.org/eyes-in-various-species-can-shorten-to-compensate-for-myopic-defocus/ ''"We demonstrated that eyes of young animals of various species (chick, tree shrew, marmoset, and rhesus macaque) can shorten in the axial dimension in response to myopic defocus."'' IOVS, 2013]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7839608/ ''"The chick eye is able to change its refractive state by as much as 7 D by pushing the retina forward or pulling it back (when stimulated by lense use)..."'' VR, 1995]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18791175/ ''"Chicks' eyes rapidly compensate for defocus imposed by spectacle lenses...The complex etiology (cause) of human myopia may reflect these temporal properties."'' IOVS, 2009]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12445851/ ''"If the effective focal length of a growing eye is modified by spectacle lenses, the eye compensates by altering its growth, thereby keeping images in focus..."'' VR, 2002]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15980206/ ''"In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow..."'' IOVS, 2005]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10343811/ ''"...spectacle lenses could predictably alter the growth of...eyes resulting in ... refractive changes in both the hyperopic and myopic directions."'' VR, 1999]

===Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) & Nearwork Causing Permanent Myopia (PM)===
*[https://endmyopia.org/us-national-academy-of-sciences-near-work-causes-myopia/''"Today there no longer seems to be any question that nearwork is a causal factor for myopia. "'' The Lancet, 2000]
*[https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia?sso=y''"People who do an excessive amount of near-vision work may experience a false or "pseudo" myopia...Clear distance vision usually returns after resting the eyes. However, constant visual stress may lead to a permanent reduction in distance vision over time. "'' American Optometric Association]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22943873/''"Near work which is a primary, environmentally based factor in the development and progression of permanent myopia (PM) may take effect via near work-induced transient myopia (NITM)."'' ZYJZZ, 2012]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18339041/''"...based on recent converging evidence from clinical, laboratory and modelling studies, a five-fold argument will be advanced for a possible link between PM (Permanent Myopia) and NITM (Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia)."'' OPO, 2008]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26244865/''"Continuous reading, close distances of reading, television viewing... and use of fluorescent desk light were significantly associated with myopia... which indicates that visual behaviors and environments may be important factors mediating the effects of near work on myopia.."'' PLoS, 2015]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32075819/''"The current study provides novel evidence, based on objective data, to support the association between the intensity of near work, light intensity and myopia..."'' BrJO, 2020]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18579757/''"Near work such as close reading distance (< 30 cm) and continuous reading (> 30 minutes) independently increased the odds of having myopia in this sample of children."'' IOVS, 2008]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23187872/''"The purpose of the present study was to...investigate the possible relation between NITM (Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia) and PM (Permanent Myopia); and to determine the possible associations with NITM "'' IOVS, 2008]

==Reversing Myopia==
===Outdoor time & distance vision===
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"It is now well established that spending more time outdoors during childhood lowers the risk of developing myopia..."'' BrJO, 2020]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18294691/ ''"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children."'' Opthamology, 2008]
*[https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/139488/1/1-s2.0-S1350946217300393-main.pdf''"The most immediate path to myopia prevention in schools is to increase the amount of time that children spend outdoors within school hours"'' PRES, 2018]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233810/''"..VL (Violet Light) is one of the important outdoor environmental factors for myopia control...VL exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression"'' EBioMedecine, 2017]

===Using reduced or no lenses (myopic defocus)===
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65151-5''"The human eye is capable of responding to the presence of blur by changing its axial length, so that the retina moves towards the defocused image plane (using reduced lenses)...These findings provide evidence that the human eye is able to detect and respond to the presence (using reduced lenses)... of blur within minutes."'' Scientific Reports, 2020]

*[https://endmyopia.org/another-study-glasses-cause-rapid-myopia-progression-in-children/''"Our findings suggest that myopic defocus (using reduced lenses) slows the progression of myopia in already myopic children, supporting previous findings from animal studies..."'' IOVS, 2004]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00608.x''"Compared with SV lenses (Normal Glasses), myopia progression was found to be retarded by PALs (Bifocals / Reduced Lenses) to some extent in Chinese children"'' OPO, 2008]
*[https://endmyopia.org/shots-in-the-dark-clinical-myopia-studies/ ''"Results of this study suggest that such children, if myopic, may have an additional benefit of slowed progression of myopia."'' IOVS, 2004]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2189093&resultClick=1 ''"Eyes of chick, tree shrew, marmoset, and rhesus macaque can shorten axially when presented with myopic defocus...Implications for human myopia control are significant."'' IOVS, 2013]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2393165 ''"The results suggest that imposed peripheral myopic defocus (reduced lense use) may be able to be used to control on–axis axial elongation (myopia progression)..."'' GACEO, 2017]

===Active Focus (accomodative training or accomodative facility training)===
*[https://endmyopia.org/active-focus-does-it-actually-work-clinical-science/ ''"Training of the accommodative system (active focus)...resulted in improved dynamics...This is consistent with earlier reports in the literature of improvements..."'' OVS, 2009]
*[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Changes-in-dynamics-of-accommodation-after-facility-Allen-Charman/bb8e6b6b3e843c144582532d3bdbcfba520eba72''"This study evaluates the effect of accommodative facility training (active focus) in myopes and emmetropes (normal sighted)....The results showed that training (active focus) improved the facility rate (results) in both groups..."'' VR, 2010]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10947012/''"These results suggest that accommodative facility training (active focus) is an efficient method built on loss of symptoms among children..."'' DO, 1999]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11727875/''"The result of this study indicates that accommodative facility training (active focus) has a real effect on the amplitude of relative accommodation in patients with impaired relative accommodation..."'' OPO, 2001]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3631199/''"This experiment shows the effectiveness of automated accommodative training (active focus) in reducing asthenopia (eye strain) and improving accommodative facility."'' AmJOPO, 1987]

==LASIK==
A good resource for information about [[LASIK]]: [https://lasikcomplications.com/ lasikcomplications.com]
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.5301/ejo.5000025 Less than 20% of people with 10+ diopters will be below 1 diopter just 3 years after LASIK]

==Articles from the blog==
These are blog articles on EndMyopia about clinical studies, but not clinical studies themselves. You may find them interesting. Also see [https://endmyopia.org/category/science/ the science category].

*[https://endmyopia.org/dr-morgan-dr-megaw-preventing-axial-elongation-and-the-development-of-myopia/ what we know about axial elongation of the eye, and its role in the development of myopia (dissertation)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/your-eyes-are-direct-access-to-your-brain-blue-light-reverses-amnesia/ in some cases, memories that are lost due to brain trauma may still be present in the human brain. (animal testing)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/shots-in-the-dark-clinical-myopia-studies/ studies that have considered the negative impact of minus lens use for close-up, and looked into smarter alternatives to “minus for everything”.]
*[https://endmyopia.org/the-role-of-contrast-adaptation-in-myopia-development-reversal/ The Role Of Contrast Adaptation In Myopia Development & Reversal]
*[https://endmyopia.org/no-more-surgery-a-new-eye-drop-dissolves-cataracts/ Researchers in the US have developed a new drug that can be delivered directly into the eye via an eye dropper to shrink down and dissolve cataracts – the leading cause of blindness in humans. (animal testing) (2015)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/the-1960s-harvard-pirate-kitten-experiment-an-unused-eye-goes-blind/ Back in the 1960’s this guy Torsten Wiesel from the Harvard Medical School’s department of neurobiology ran an experiment on kittens. (animal testing)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/forget-thick-contacts-get-thinner-contact-lenses/ On contact lenses]
*[https://endmyopia.org/sugar-risk-diabetic-retinopathy/ Diabetic retinopathy. Or, how your eating habits can take you straight into one of the leading causes of adult blindness.]
*[https://endmyopia.org/glasses-make-your-eyes-grow-not-in-a-good-way/ wearing glasses to correct myopia, will create more myopia.]
*[https://endmyopia.org/steroids-to-boost-dynamic-visual-acuity/ Dynamic Visual Acuity]
*[https://endmyopia.org/night-blindness-seeing-well-bright-vs-dim-light/ Night blindness]
*[https://endmyopia.org/us-national-academy-of-sciences-near-work-causes-myopia/ Near Work Causes Myopia (USNAS)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/lens-induced-myopia-investigative-ophthalmology/ Lens-Induced Myopia]
*[https://endmyopia.org/can-axial-length-be-reduced-for-less-myopia/ Can Axial Length Be Reduced For Less Myopia?]
*[https://endmyopia.org/bi-focal-contact-lenses-for-myopia-control/ Bi-Focal Contact Lenses For Myopia Control]
*[https://endmyopia.org/monkey-see-monkey-do/ Negative lens-induced myopia in infant monkeys: effects of high ambient lighting (animal study)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/breaking-science-discovers-the-cause-of-nearsightedness/ Myopia starts with environmental stimulus, in particular extended close-up focus.]
*[https://endmyopia.org/eye-drop-warning-avoid-benzalkonium-chloride/ Eye Drop Warning: Avoid Benzalkonium Chloride]

*[https://endmyopia.org/the-hong-kong-myopia-epidemic/ The Hong Kong Myopia Epidemic]
*[https://endmyopia.org/the-unstoppable-global-myopia-epidemic-doubles-again/ incidence of childhood myopia among American children has more than doubled over the last 50 years]
*[https://endmyopia.org/glasses-cause-serious-psychological-stress-in-children/ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Myopia Development (OVPJournal)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/cruel-cruel-winter/ Unless you find uncle Jake’s myopia rehab facility, you’re in the lens manufacturer’s drug dealing pocket for life.] (no paper)
*[https://endmyopia.org/improved-glaucoma-detection-singapore-study/ you can reduce your risk of the most common forms of glaucoma]
*[https://endmyopia.org/eyes-in-various-species-can-shorten-to-compensate-for-myopic-defocus/ Eyes in Various Species Can Shorten to Compensate for Myopic Defocus] and [https://endmyopia.org/three-mammals-and-a-bird/ commentary by contributing optometrist] (animal studies)
*[https://endmyopia.org/study-bifocal-contact-lenses-for-myopia-control/ Bifocal contacts control myopia progression better than multifocal spectacles]
*[https://endmyopia.org/geeks-retina-its-own-sensorimotor-apparatus/ A Sensorimotor Account Of Vision And Visual Consciousness (philosophy paper)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/contrast-sensitivity/ contrast sensitivity (no paper)]
*[https://endmyopia.org/is-going-outside-the-cure-for-myopia/ why outdoor time won’t magically prevent myopia onset]
*[https://endmyopia.org/singapore-ophthalmologist-insists-glasses-dont-cause-myopia/ glasses cause more myopia, faster]
*https://endmyopia.org/peripheral-vision-loss/
*https://endmyopia.org/allan-hytowitz-genius-innovator-or-dangerous-heretic/
*https://endmyopia.org/this-woman-sees-99-million-more-colors-than-you/
*https://endmyopia.org/neural-response-to-flicker-rates-artificial-light-causes-myopia/
*https://endmyopia.org/ophthalmology-science-glasses-cause-myopia-period/
*https://endmyopia.org/coopervision-misight-contact-lenses-breakthrough-myopia-control/
*https://endmyopia.org/myopia-madness-glasses-way-strong/
*https://endmyopia.org/retail-optometry-even-science/
*https://endmyopia.org/eye-uses-chromatic-aberration-to-guide-axial-change/
*https://endmyopia.org/american-journal-of-optometry-adult-reduction-in-axial-length/
*https://endmyopia.org/studies-does-undercorrection-cause-more-myopia/
*https://endmyopia.org/science-confirms-human-eye-axial-length-change-lens-use/
*https://endmyopia.org/another-study-glasses-cause-rapid-myopia-progression-in-children/
*https://endmyopia.org/active-focus-does-it-actually-work-clinical-science/
*https://endmyopia.org/refractive-error-myopia-concept/
*https://endmyopia.org/shocking-news-not-all-ophthalmologists-are-retarded/
*https://endmyopia.org/optics-diopters-all-the-nerdy-maths/
*https://endmyopia.org/astigmatism-part-of-natural-focus-understanding-the-brains-autofocus-mechanism/
*https://endmyopia.org/can-this-tiny-piece-of-paper-replace-your-optometrist/
*https://endmyopia.org/why-is-my-eyesight-worse-in-low-light-indoors-dusk-night-time/
*https://endmyopia.org/study-outdoor-activity-reduces-myopia-onset-in-children/
*https://endmyopia.org/study-failure-to-discuss-myopia-control-verging-on-negligent/
*https://endmyopia.org/why-you-are-nearsighted-an-animation/
==Articles from forum==

Here are papers people have mentioned on the forum:
*[https://community.endmyopia.org/t/showdown-experiment-will-enough-outdoor-vision-shorten-my-eyes/6423/200 a paper which tries to model how the human (and generally mammalian) eyes focus on objects (animal study)] [https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/10/deciphering-brains-autofocus-mechanism (short article)], [https://www.pnas.org/content/108/40/16849 (full paper)]
*[https://community.endmyopia.org/t/been-to-the-opto-but-with-unexpecting-results-glaucoma/5203/5 a proto-endmyopia thing] [https://the-eye.eu/public/concen.org/Five_Health_Classics/BENJAMIN%2C%20Harry%20-%20Better%20Sight%20Without%20Glasses%20%281962%29.pdf (here is the direct link to an old book, start with page 102.)]
*[https://community.endmyopia.org/t/been-to-the-opto-but-with-unexpecting-results-glaucoma/5203/19 If you have glaucoma, try vitamin b3] (Clin & Exp Ophtalm. Sept. 2020, doi: 10.1111/ceo.13818)
*[https://community.endmyopia.org/t/my-journey-from-4-25-halmadavid/5080/245 Probability of myopia in children with high refined carbohydrates consumption in France] [https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-020-01602-x (direct link to research article)]
*[https://community.endmyopia.org/t/doubts-about-the-need-for-outdoors-and-avoiding-screen-time/8940/18 on the effects of outdoor light on myopia progression] [https://www.nature.com/articles/519276a (direct link to article)]

*[https://community.endmyopia.org/uploads/short-url/2WB7z5dmF3Rk7tdwlslsf9zcwh0.pdf Visual Conditions of Symphony Musicians]

* a bunch at [https://community.endmyopia.org/t/better-than-eye-chart/15290/11 Better than eye chart?] [https://www.dyop.info/documents/Measuring_Visual_Cylinder_and_Axis_with_a_Dyop.pdf (pdf)], [https://www.bitchute.com/video/yPeGRG4qWQsi/ (visual acuity testing demo)], [https://www.dyop.info/documents/How_We_See.pdf (how we see pdf)], [https://www.dyop.info/documents/Snellen_vs_Dyop-Cataracts_Gordon.pdf (pdf)], [https://www.dyop.info/documents/Snellen_vs_Dyop_Refractions-Sanni.pdf (pdf)], [https://www.dyop.info/documents/Dyslexia_and_Color_Perception-SandraStark.pdf (pdf)], [https://www.dyop.info/documents/Which_Optotype_Are_You_Using.pdf (pdf)], etc. Discussion is about a proprietary tool that works better than the Snellen chart.
[[Category:Articles]]

User talk:Muhammad

2021-12-13T10:58:20Z

NottNott: /* Translation page format */ new section

==Welcome to EndMyopia Wiki! 👓==
Muhammad, welcome to EndMyopia Wiki.

Our goal is '''the best vision improvement encyclopedia possible'''. EndMyopia receives quite a lot of [[EM:user traffic|user traffic]], many people wanting information. On [[EM:social media|social media]] plenty of questions are asked about vision improvement. Hopefully, the wiki can develop into a really useful resource for newcomers and experienced members alike.

More guidance here:
*[[Help:How to contribute]] if you are unsure how to edit wiki articles
*[[EM:Policies]] for important information on the way articles are written here

If you have any questions about editing the wiki, you can message anyone [[EM:Welcome|on this list]]. You'll get a response in the [[forum]] or [[discord server]] as well. If there are any suggestions for overall wiki changes, see the [[EM:Village pump|village pump]]. Happy editing! 🧾

-- [[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 17:51, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

== Translation page format ==

Hi Muhammad, thanks for helping to translate the wiki!! When making articles, do it like {{xt|Nearsightedness/ar}} instead of {{xt|Endmyopia Wiki/ar/Nearsightedness}}. Thank you {{smiley}} -[[User:NottNott|<span style="color:#e67e22">NottNott</span>]] <small>([[User talk:NottNott|talk]])</small> 10:58, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

EndMyopia Wiki/ar/nearsightedness

2021-12-13T10:56:18Z

NottNott: NottNott moved page EndMyopia Wiki/ar/nearsightedness to Nearsightedness/ar

#REDIRECT [[Nearsightedness/ar]]

Nearsightedness/ar

2021-12-13T10:56:18Z

NottNott: NottNott moved page EndMyopia Wiki/ar/nearsightedness to Nearsightedness/ar

<div> <big>== == ''''''Nearsightedness قصر النظر == ==</big></div><div> <br></div><div><hr></div><div> تعريف قصر النظر: هو حالة انكسارية حيث تكون الأجسام البعيدة عند التركيز اللانهائي أمام [https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9 الشبكية]. يؤدي هذا عمومًا إلى ظهور الأشياء البعيدة بصورة مشوشة و ضبابية ، بينما تبدو الاشياء القريبة واضحة مع حدوث تكيف [https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 العضلة الهدبية] للعين يحدث قصر النظر بسبب عدم التوافق بين الطول المحوري وقوة التركيز للنظام البصري ، حيث تكون العين المصابة اطول من العين الطبيعية. مما يتسبب في ظهور الصورة غير واضحة </div>

<br>

<hr>
<div dir="rtl" lang="ar">
<h2>مهم جدا:السبب الحقيقي وراء قصر النظر</h2>
<br>

<p>عيناك ليست مريضة. قصر النظر ليس مرضا غامضا. هناك قصر نظر زائف (أحد أعراض الإجهاد) ، وقصر نظر تدريجي (ناتج عن استخدام عدسات تصحيح النظر). إذا استنتجت شيئًا واحدًا فقط من هذه الصفحة ، فهو أننا ننظر إلى قصر النظر على أنه حالة انكسار ، وليس "خطأ" أو مرض. ألق نظرة على هذا الفيديو التوضيحي الموجز كيف تعمل بيولوجيا عينك:</p>

<br >

<p></p>

</div>

<nomobile><gallery widths=1500px heights = 500px align=right>

myopiaillustration.png|{width}100px|

</gallery></nomobile>

<mobileonly><gallery>

myopiaillustration.png

</gallery></mobileonly>

<div dir = "rtL">

<h1> اقسام قصر النظر</h1>

<h3>

<li>

<p> قصر النظر المنخفض

قصر النظر المنخفض هو قصر نظر في حدود -3 ديوبتر Diopter أو أقل
.

<br>

عندما تكون درجة تصحيح عدسة النظارات أقل من -2 إلى -1.5 ديوبتر عادةً لا تكون هناك حاجة إلى نظارات للعمل عن قرب من الرؤية عن بعد

</p> </li>

<hr>

<li><p> قصر النظر المتوسط
من -3 الى -5 ديوبتر. يكون طول حجرة العين اكبر من العين السليمة والعين منخفضة قصر النظر. تكون الرؤيا سيئة بدون نظارات وتصعب الرؤيا عن قرب</p></li>

<hr>

<li><p> قصر النظر المرتفع
تختلف التعريفات ، ولكن أكثر من -5 أو -6 ديوبتر يعتبر قصر نظر مرتفع. هذه الفئة لديها مخاطر أعلى للإصابة بأمراض العيون المختلفة ويجب أن تقوم بفحوصات منتظمة لدى الطبيب للكشف عن اي من الامراض المرتبطة بقصر النظر المرتفع.

قلة قليلة من الناس يعانون من قصر النظر الشديد لأسباب وراثية. يعاني معظم الأشخاص الذين يعانون من ارتفاع قصر النظر من زيادة تدريجية في قصر النظر الناتج عن عدسة النظارات.</p></li></h3>

</div>

EndMyopia Wiki/fr

2021-11-26T16:08:15Z

NottNott: Undo revision 15663 by NottNott (talk)

{{Main page language box}}
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{{Box header|<big>Bienvenue sur le Wiki EndMyopia, l'encyclopédie de l'amélioration de la vision.</big>||Gold|white}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|intro}}
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<div class="portal-column-left"> 
{{Box header|Infos du Wiki||#ffd07a|#fffaed}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|wiki}}
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{{Box header|FAQ et Glossaire||#ff7675|#ffeded}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|faq}}
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{{Box header|Concepts & Ressources||#46f1fa|#eef9ff}}
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{{Box header|Guides & Explications||PaleGreen|#F3FFF3}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|guides}}
{{Box footer|}}

{{Box header|Débutants EndMyopia||#F8F8F8|white}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|newbies}}
{{Box footer|}}

{{Box header|Articles humoristiques||Orange|white}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/fr/content|joke}}
{{Box footer|}}
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{{Box header|Contributing to the Wiki||DeepSkyBlue|white}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|contributing}}
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{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|intro}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|wiki}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|faq}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|concepts}}
{{#lst:EndMyopia Wiki/content|guides}}

Bonjour utilisateur de smartphone! Si vous voulez voir les articles concernant l'édition du wiki [[Template:Editing navbox/links|vous les avez ici]]. Bon courage pour éditer cette...um...chose ! {{smaller|(Vous savez qu'ils sont mauvais pour vos yeux hein ?}}</mobileonly>
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Wiki EndMyopia}}

EndMyopia Wiki/fr

NottNott:

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div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding-right: 18px;
}

/* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables ([[Template:Columns]]) */
div.columns-2 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 50%;
min-width: 300px;
}
div.columns-3 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 33.3%;
min-width: 200px;
}
div.columns-4 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 25%;
min-width: 150px;
}
div.columns-5 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 20%;
min-width: 120px;
}

/* Messagebox templates */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #c0b8cc;
background-color: #f0e5ff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
margin: 4px auto;
}
/* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */
.mbox-inside .standard-talk,
.messagebox.nested-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
width: 100%;
margin: 2px 0;
padding: 2px;
}
.messagebox.small {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
.messagebox.small-talk {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
background: #F8EABA;
}

/* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */
th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */
width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */
}
td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */
border: none;
padding: 0;
width: 1px;
}

/* Article message box styles */
table.ambox {
margin: 0 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */
margin-top: -1px;
}
.ambox th.mbox-text,
.ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */
}

table.ambox-notice {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.ambox-speedy {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ambox-delete {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ambox-content {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ambox-style {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ambox-move {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ambox-protection {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Image message box styles */
table.imbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
.imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */
margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */
display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */
}
.mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */
margin: 4px;
}

table.imbox-notice {
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.imbox-speedy {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.imbox-delete {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.imbox-content {
border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.imbox-style {
border: 3px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.imbox-move {
border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.imbox-protection {
border: 3px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}
table.imbox-license {
border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */
background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */
}
table.imbox-featured {
border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */
}

/* Category message box styles */
table.cmbox {
margin: 3px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */
}

table.cmbox-notice {
background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */
}
table.cmbox-speedy {
margin-top: 4px;
margin-bottom: 4px;
border: 4px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */
}
table.cmbox-delete {
background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */
}
table.cmbox-content {
background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */
}
table.cmbox-style {
background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */
}
table.cmbox-move {
background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */
}
table.cmbox-protection {
background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Other pages message box styles */
table.ombox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Default "notice" gray */
background: #f8f9fa;
}

table.ombox-notice {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray */
}
table.ombox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ombox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ombox-content {
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ombox-style {
border: 1px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ombox-move {
border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ombox-protection {
border: 2px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Talk page message box styles */
table.tmbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */
background: #f8eaba;
}
.mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */
margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */
width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */
}
.mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */
line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */
font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */
}

table.tmbox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.tmbox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.tmbox-content {
border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.tmbox-style {
border: 2px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.tmbox-move {
border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.tmbox-protection,
table.tmbox-notice {
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */
}

/* Disambig and set index box styles */
table.dmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.9em 1em;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
background: transparent;
}

/* Footer and header message box styles */
table.fmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
width: 100%;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa; /* Default "system" gray */
}
table.fmbox-system {
background: #f8f9fa;
}
table.fmbox-warning {
border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */
background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */
}
table.fmbox-editnotice {
background: transparent;
}
/* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon,
div.titleblacklist-warning,
div.locked-warning {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #bb7070;
background: #ffdbdb;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}
/* Div based "system" style fmbox messages.
Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */
div.mw-lag-warn-normal,
div.fmbox-system {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}

/* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other
ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "html body.mediawiki" is so
they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 238px;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 1em 4px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
overflow: hidden;
width: 238px;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}

/* Style for compact ambox */
/* Hide the images */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-image,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell {
display: none;
}
/* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */
.compact-ambox table.ambox {
border: none;
border-collapse: collapse;
background: transparent;
margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important;
padding: 0 !important;
width: auto;
display: block;
}
body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left {
font-size: 100%;
width: auto;
margin: 0;
}
/* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
display: list-item;
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style-type: square;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/MonoBook/bullet.gif);
}
.skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
list-style-type: disc;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.svg);
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.png)\9;
}
/* Allow for hiding text in compact form */
.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact {
display: none;
}

/* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */
div.noarticletext {
border: none;
background: transparent;
padding: 0;
}

/* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */
.visualhide {
position: absolute;
left: -10000px;
top: auto;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
}

/* Bold save button */
#wpSave {
font-weight: bold;
}

/* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot
be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on
[[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */
.check-icon a.new {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Removes underlines from certain links */
.nounderlines a,
.IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited {
text-decoration: none !important;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy
from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */
div.NavFrame {
margin: 0;
padding: 4px;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
text-align: center;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 95%;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
border-top-style: none;
border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
background-color: #fff;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px;
/* @noflip */
float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
line-height: 1.6em;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #ffccff;
position: relative;
}
div.NavFrame p,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
line-height: 1px;
clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
/* @noflip */
right: 3px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 90%;
}

/* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */
.hatnote {
font-style: italic;
}
.hatnote i {
font-style: normal;
}
div.hatnote {
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.hatnote + div.hatnote {
margin-top: -0.5em;
}

/* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. */
.listify td { display: list-item; }
.listify tr { display: block; }
.listify table { display: block; }

/* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]]
for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and
"latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */
.geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; }
.geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; }
.longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; }

/* Temporary(!) fix for horizontal TOC in Blink (Chrone/Opera) */
.hlist .tocnumber,
.hlist .toctext {
display: inline;
}
/* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents,
the ToC will display without numbers */
.nonumtoc .tocnumber {
display: none;
}
.nonumtoc #toc ul,
.nonumtoc .toc ul {
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style: none none;
margin: .3em 0 0;
padding: 0;
}
.hlist.nonumtoc #toc ul ul,
.hlist.nonumtoc .toc ul ul {
/* @noflip */
margin: 0;
}

/* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC;
<div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to
showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further
(as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which
there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */
.toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,
.toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,
.toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,
.toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,
.toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,
.toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul {
display: none;
}

/* Styling for Template:Quote */
blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-top: 0;
}

/* User block messages */
div.user-block {
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #A9A9A9;
background-color: #FFEFD5;
}

/* Prevent line breaks in silly places:
1) Where desired
2) Links when we don't want them to
3) Bold "links" to the page itself */
.nowrap,
.nowraplinks a,
.nowraplinks .selflink {
white-space: nowrap;
}
.nowrap pre {
white-space: pre;
}
/* But allow wrapping where desired: */
.wrap,
.wraplinks a {
white-space: normal;
}

/* For template documentation */
.template-documentation {
clear: both;
margin: 1em 0 0 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #ecfcf4;
padding: 1em;
}

/* Increase the height of the image upload box */
#wpUploadDescription {
height: 13em;
}

/* Minimum thumb width */
.thumbinner {
min-width: 100px;
}

/* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings,
file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */
#mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media,
#filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff {
clear: both;
}

/* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */
.wpb .wpb-header { display: none; }
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */
.wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */

/* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */
.mw-tag-markers {
font-style:italic;
font-size:90%;
}

/* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in
[[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-extendedmover.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */
.sysop-show,
.accountcreator-show,
.templateeditor-show,
.extendedmover-show,
.autoconfirmed-show,
.user-show {
display: none;
}

/**
* Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}},
* this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies
* to the same link as well. See [[phab:T45013]]
*
* Hide the images in editnotices to keep them readable in VE view.
* Long term, editnotices should become a core feature so that they can be designed responsive.
*/
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .editnotice-redlink,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-image,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-imageright {
display: none !important;
}

/* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */
ul.permissions-errors > li {
list-style: none none;
}
ul.permissions-errors {
margin: 0;
}

/* Pie chart: transparent borders */
.transborder {
border: solid transparent;
}

/* Generic class for Times-based serif, texhtml class for inline math */
.times-serif,
span.texhtml {
font-family: "Nimbus Roman No9 L", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-size: 118%;
line-height: 1;
}
span.texhtml {
white-space: nowrap;
}
span.texhtml span.texhtml {
font-size: 100%;
}
span.mwe-math-mathml-inline {
font-size: 118%;
}

/* Force tabular and lining display for digits and texhtml */
.digits,
.texhtml {
-moz-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
-webkit-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-variant-numeric: lining-nums tabular-nums;
font-kerning: none;
}

/* Make <math display="block"> be left aligned with one space indent for compatibility with style conventions */
.mwe-math-fallback-image-display,
.mwe-math-mathml-display {
margin-left: 1.6em !important;
margin-top: 0.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.6em;
}
.mwe-math-mathml-display math {
display: inline;
}

/* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */
table#mw-prefixindex-list-table,
table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table {
width: 98%;
}

/* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv
On wide screens, show these as two columns
On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */
.portal-column-left {
float: left;
width: 50%;
}
.portal-column-right {
float: right;
width: 49%;
}
.portal-column-left-wide {
float: left;
width: 60%;
}
.portal-column-right-narrow {
float: right;
width: 39%;
}
.portal-column-left-extra-wide {
float: left;
width: 70%;
}
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: right;
width: 29%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {
/* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */
.portal-column-left,
.portal-column-right,
.portal-column-left-wide,
.portal-column-right-narrow,
.portal-column-left-extra-wide,
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: inherit;
width: inherit;
}
}

/* Formerly for announcements, now used intermittently */
#bodyContent .letterhead {
background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #faf9f2;
}

/* Tree style lists */
.treeview ul {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
.treeview li {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
}
.treeview li li {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 20px;
text-indent: 0.3em;
}
.treeview li li.lastline {
background-position: 0 -5971px
}
.treeview li.emptyline > ul {
/* @noflip */
margin-left: -1px;
}
.treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child {
background-position: 0 9px
}

/* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */
td .sortkey,
th .sortkey {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element,
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes .mw-ui-checkbox {
display: none !important;
}

/* Work-around for [[Phabricator:25965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */
.k-player .k-attribution {
visibility: hidden;
}

/* Move 'play' button of video player to bottom left corner */
.PopUpMediaTransform a .play-btn-large {
margin: 0;
top: auto;
right: auto;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
}

/* Hide FlaggedRevs notice UI when there are no pending changes */
.flaggedrevs_draft_synced,
.flaggedrevs_stable_synced {
display: none;
}

/* Gallery styles background changes are restricted to screen view. In printing we should avoid applying backgrounds. */
@media screen {
/* The backgrounds for galleries. */
#content .gallerybox div.thumb {
/* Light gray padding */
background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

/* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency.
'.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */
.gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png) repeat;
}
/* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */
.ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff;
}
}

/* fix <pre> */

pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}

Legal:No medical advice/fr

2021-11-03T23:47:43Z

NottNott: Changed protection level for "Legal:No medical advice/fr" ([Editing protection=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move protection=Allow only bureaucrats] (indefinite))

Legal:No medical advice/fr

2021-11-03T23:46:39Z

NottNott: Changed protection level for "Legal:No medical advice/fr" ([Move protection=Allow only bureaucrats] (indefinite))

Legal:No medical advice/fr

2021-11-03T23:45:02Z

NottNott: Protected "Legal:No medical advice/fr" ([Editing protection=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move protection=Allow only bureaucrats] (indefinite))

MediaWiki:Common.css

2021-11-03T23:40:40Z

NottNott: Undo revision 15552 by NottNott (talk)

/* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */
/* Reset italic styling set by user agent */

/*

CUSTOM ENDMYOPIA WIKI STYLING BEGIN

*/

/* Get rid of Chrome outline when selecting editing box */
input:focus, textarea:focus, select:focus{
outline: none;
}

/* Hide main page title */
body.page-EndMyopia_Wiki h1 { display: none; }
body.page-EndMyopia_Wiki/fr h1 { display: none; }
/*

CUSTOM ENDMYOPIA WIKI STYLING END
THE FOLLOWING IS GENERIC STUFF IMPORTED FROM WIKIPEDIA (we think?)

*/

/* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv */
/* On wide screens, show these as two columns */
/* On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */
.portal-column-left {
float: left;
width: 50%;
}
.portal-column-right {
float: right;
width: 49%;
}
.portal-column-left-wide {
float: left;
width: 60%;
}
.portal-column-right-narrow {
float: right;
width: 39%;
}
.portal-column-left-extra-wide {
float: left;
width: 70%;
}
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: right;
width: 29%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {
/* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */
.portal-column-left,
.portal-column-right,
.portal-column-left-wide,
.portal-column-right-narrow,
.portal-column-left-extra-wide,
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: inherit;
width: inherit;
}
}

cite, dfn {
font-style: inherit;
}

/* Straight quote marks for <q> */
q {
quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'";
}

/* Avoid collision of blockquote with floating elements by swapping margin and padding */
blockquote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}

/* Prevent the 'double bold' bug in Firefox when using DirectWrite */
strong.selflink {
font-weight: 700;
}

/* Consistent size for <small>, <sub> and <sup> */
small {
font-size: 85%;
}
.mw-body-content sub,
.mw-body-content sup,
span.reference /* for Parsoid */ {
font-size: 80%;
}

/* Same spacing for indented and unidented paragraphs on talk pages */
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dd {margin-top:0.4em; margin-bottom:0.4em;}

/* Main page fixes */
#interwiki-completelist {
font-weight: bold;
}

/* Reduce page jumps by hiding collapsed/dismissed content */
.client-js .mw-special-Watchlist #watchlist-message,
.client-js .collapsible.collapsed > tbody > tr:not(:first-child) {
display: none;
}

/* Tone down 'Changed since last visit' colors */
span.updatedmarker {
background-color: transparent;
color: #006400;
}

/* Edit window toolbar */
#toolbar {
height: 22px;
margin-bottom: 6px;
}

/* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */
#editpage-specialchars {
display: none;
}

/* Highlight linked elements (such as clicked references) in blue */
body.action-info .mw-body-content :target,
.citation:target {
background-color: #DEF; /* Fallback */
background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, 0.133);
}

/* Styling for citations. Breaks long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */
.citation {
word-wrap: break-word;
}

/* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown
on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */
@media screen, handheld {
.citation .printonly {
display: none;
}
}

/* Make the list of references smaller */
ol.references,
div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
font-size: 90%; /* Default font-size */
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.refbegin-100 {
font-size: 100%; /* Option for normal fontsize in {{refbegin}} */
}
div.reflist ol.references {
font-size: 100%; /* Reset font-size when nested in div.reflist */
margin-bottom: 0; /* Avoid double margin when nested in div.reflist */
list-style-type: inherit; /* Enable custom list style types */
}

/* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */
sup.reference {
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
}

/* Allow hidden ref errors to be shown by user CSS */
span.brokenref {
display: none;
}

/* Hanging indentation for Template:Refbegin */
.refbegin-hanging-indents > ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin-left: 0;
}
.refbegin-hanging-indents > ul > li,
.refbegin-hanging-indents > dl > dd {
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 3.2em;
text-indent: -3.2em;
list-style: none;
}

/* Reset top margin for lists embedded in columns */
div.columns {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
div.columns dl,
div.columns ol,
div.columns ul {
margin-top: 0;
}

/* Avoid elements from breaking between columns */
.nocolbreak,
div.columns li,
div.columns dd dd {
-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-inside: avoid;
break-inside: avoid-column;
}

/* Style for [[Template:Flowlist]] that Lets lists flow around floating objecs */
.flowlist ul {
overflow-x: hidden;
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.flowlist ol {
overflow-x: hidden;
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 3.2em;
}
.flowlist dl {
overflow-x: hidden;
}

/* Style for horizontal lists (separator following item).
@source mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Horizontal_lists
@revision 8 (2016-05-21)
@author [[User:Edokter]]
*/
.hlist dl,
.hlist ol,
.hlist ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
/* Display list items inline */
.hlist dd,
.hlist dt,
.hlist li {
margin: 0;
display: inline;
}
/* Display nested lists inline */
.hlist.inline,
.hlist.inline dl,
.hlist.inline ol,
.hlist.inline ul,
.hlist dl dl, .hlist dl ol, .hlist dl ul,
.hlist ol dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ol ul,
.hlist ul dl, .hlist ul ol, .hlist ul ul {
display: inline;
}
/* Hide empty list items */
.hlist .mw-empty-li {
display: none;
}
/* Generate interpuncts */
.hlist dt:after {
content: ": ";
}
.hlist dd:after,
.hlist li:after {
content: " · ";
font-weight: bold;
}
.hlist dd:last-child:after,
.hlist dt:last-child:after,
.hlist li:last-child:after {
content: none;
}
/* Add parentheses around nested lists */
.hlist dd dd:first-child:before, .hlist dd dt:first-child:before, .hlist dd li:first-child:before,
.hlist dt dd:first-child:before, .hlist dt dt:first-child:before, .hlist dt li:first-child:before,
.hlist li dd:first-child:before, .hlist li dt:first-child:before, .hlist li li:first-child:before {
content: " (";
font-weight: normal;
}
.hlist dd dd:last-child:after, .hlist dd dt:last-child:after, .hlist dd li:last-child:after,
.hlist dt dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt dt:last-child:after, .hlist dt li:last-child:after,
.hlist li dd:last-child:after, .hlist li dt:last-child:after, .hlist li li:last-child:after {
content: ")";
font-weight: normal;
}
/* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */
.hlist ol {
counter-reset: listitem;
}
.hlist ol > li {
counter-increment: listitem;
}
.hlist ol > li:before {
content: " " counter(listitem) "\a0";
}
.hlist dd ol > li:first-child:before,
.hlist dt ol > li:first-child:before,
.hlist li ol > li:first-child:before {
content: " (" counter(listitem) "\a0";
}

/* Unbulleted lists */
.plainlist ol,
.plainlist ul {
line-height: inherit;
list-style: none none;
margin: 0;
}
.plainlist ol li,
.plainlist ul li {
margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* Default style for navigation boxes */
.navbox { /* Navbox container style */
box-sizing: border-box;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
width: 100%;
clear: both;
font-size: 88%;
text-align: center;
padding: 1px;
margin: 1em auto 0; /* Prevent preceding content from clinging to navboxes */
}
.navbox .navbox {
margin-top: 0; /* No top margin for nested navboxes */
}
.navbox + .navbox {
margin-top: -1px; /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */
}
.navbox-inner,
.navbox-subgroup {
width: 100%;
}
.navbox-group,
.navbox-title,
.navbox-abovebelow {
padding: 0.25em 1em; /* Title, group and above/below styles */
line-height: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
}
th.navbox-group { /* Group style */
white-space: nowrap;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
}
.navbox,
.navbox-subgroup {
background: #fdfdfd; /* Background color */
}
.navbox-list {
line-height: 1.5em;
border-color: #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */
}
/* cell spacing for navbox cells */
tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow,
tr + tr > .navbox-group,
tr + tr > .navbox-image,
tr + tr > .navbox-list { /* Borders above 2nd, 3rd, etc. rows */
border-top: 2px solid #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */
}
.navbox th,
.navbox-title {
background: #ccccff; /* Level 1 color */
}
.navbox-abovebelow,
th.navbox-group,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-title {
background: #ddddff; /* Level 2 color */
}
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow {
background: #e6e6ff; /* Level 3 color */
}
.navbox-even {
background: #f7f7f7; /* Even row striping */
}
.navbox-odd {
background: transparent; /* Odd row striping */
}
.navbox .hlist td dl,
.navbox .hlist td ol,
.navbox .hlist td ul,
.navbox td.hlist dl,
.navbox td.hlist ol,
.navbox td.hlist ul {
padding: 0.125em 0; /* Adjust hlist padding in navboxes */
}

/* Default styling for Navbar template */
.navbar {
display: inline;
font-size: 88%;
font-weight: normal;
}
.navbar ul {
display: inline;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.mw-body-content .navbar ul {
line-height: inherit;
}
.navbar li {
word-spacing: -0.125em;
}
.navbar.mini li abbr[title] {
font-variant: small-caps;
border-bottom: none;
text-decoration: none;
cursor: inherit;
}
/* Navbar styling when nested in infobox and navbox */
.infobox .navbar {
font-size: 100%;
}
.navbox .navbar {
display: block;
font-size: 100%;
}
.navbox-title .navbar {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
margin-right: 0.5em;
}

/* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically by the CollapsibleTables javascript
in [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] are styled here so they can be customised. */
.collapseButton {
/* @noflip */
float: right;
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
margin-left: 0.5em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
width: auto;
}

/* Styling for JQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */
.mw-parser-output .mw-collapsible-toggle {
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
padding-right: 0.2em;
padding-left: 0.2em;
}
.mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle .mw-collapsible-toggle {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Infobox template style */
.infobox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
border-spacing: 3px;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
color: black;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.infobox caption {
font-size: 125%;
font-weight: bold;
padding: 0.2em;
text-align: center;
}
.infobox td,
.infobox th {
vertical-align: top;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}
.infobox.bordered {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
.infobox.bordered td,
.infobox.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}
.infobox.bordered .borderless td,
.infobox.bordered .borderless th {
border: 0;
}

.infobox.sisterproject {
width: 20em;
font-size: 90%;
}

.infobox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
}
.infobox.standard-talk.bordered td,
.infobox.standard-talk.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
}

/* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */
.infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,
.infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th {
border: 0;
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
/* @noflip */
border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}

.infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,
.infobox.bordered .mergedrow th {
border: 0;
/* @noflip */
border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}

/* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries,
country subdivisions, cities, etc. */
.infobox.geography {
border-collapse: collapse;
line-height: 1.2em;
font-size: 90%;
}

.infobox.geography td,
.infobox.geography th {
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em;
}
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th {
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .mergedrow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedrow th {
border: 0;
padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th {
border-top: 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .maptable td,
.infobox.geography .maptable th {
border: 0;
padding: 0;
}

/* Normal font styling for table row headers with scope="row" tag */
.wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row] {
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Lists in data cells are always left-aligned */
.wikitable td ul,
.wikitable td ol,
.wikitable td dl {
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}
/* ...unless they also use the hlist class */
.toc.hlist ul,
#toc.hlist ul,
.wikitable.hlist td ul,
.wikitable.hlist td ol,
.wikitable.hlist td dl {
text-align: inherit;
}

/* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]],
[[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]],
[[Template:Multi-video_start]] */
div.listenlist {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
background-size: 30px;
padding-left: 40px;
}

/* Fix for hieroglyphs specificality issue in infoboxes ([[Phabricator:43869]]) */
table.mw-hiero-table td {
vertical-align: middle;
}

/* Style rules for media list templates */
div.medialist {
min-height: 50px;
margin: 1em;
/* @noflip */
background-position: top left;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.medialist ul {
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
margin: 0;
}
div.medialist ul li {
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.medialist ul li li {
font-size: 91%;
padding-bottom: 0;
}

/* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files
in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */
div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding-right: 18px;
}

/* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables ([[Template:Columns]]) */
div.columns-2 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 50%;
min-width: 300px;
}
div.columns-3 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 33.3%;
min-width: 200px;
}
div.columns-4 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 25%;
min-width: 150px;
}
div.columns-5 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 20%;
min-width: 120px;
}

/* Messagebox templates */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #c0b8cc;
background-color: #f0e5ff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
margin: 4px auto;
}
/* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */
.mbox-inside .standard-talk,
.messagebox.nested-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
width: 100%;
margin: 2px 0;
padding: 2px;
}
.messagebox.small {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
.messagebox.small-talk {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
background: #F8EABA;
}

/* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */
th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */
width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */
}
td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */
border: none;
padding: 0;
width: 1px;
}

/* Article message box styles */
table.ambox {
margin: 0 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */
margin-top: -1px;
}
.ambox th.mbox-text,
.ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */
}

table.ambox-notice {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.ambox-speedy {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ambox-delete {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ambox-content {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ambox-style {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ambox-move {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ambox-protection {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Image message box styles */
table.imbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
.imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */
margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */
display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */
}
.mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */
margin: 4px;
}

table.imbox-notice {
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.imbox-speedy {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.imbox-delete {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.imbox-content {
border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.imbox-style {
border: 3px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.imbox-move {
border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.imbox-protection {
border: 3px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}
table.imbox-license {
border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */
background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */
}
table.imbox-featured {
border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */
}

/* Category message box styles */
table.cmbox {
margin: 3px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */
}

table.cmbox-notice {
background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */
}
table.cmbox-speedy {
margin-top: 4px;
margin-bottom: 4px;
border: 4px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */
}
table.cmbox-delete {
background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */
}
table.cmbox-content {
background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */
}
table.cmbox-style {
background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */
}
table.cmbox-move {
background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */
}
table.cmbox-protection {
background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Other pages message box styles */
table.ombox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Default "notice" gray */
background: #f8f9fa;
}

table.ombox-notice {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray */
}
table.ombox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ombox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ombox-content {
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ombox-style {
border: 1px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ombox-move {
border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ombox-protection {
border: 2px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Talk page message box styles */
table.tmbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */
background: #f8eaba;
}
.mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */
margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */
width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */
}
.mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */
line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */
font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */
}

table.tmbox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.tmbox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.tmbox-content {
border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.tmbox-style {
border: 2px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.tmbox-move {
border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.tmbox-protection,
table.tmbox-notice {
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */
}

/* Disambig and set index box styles */
table.dmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.9em 1em;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
background: transparent;
}

/* Footer and header message box styles */
table.fmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
width: 100%;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa; /* Default "system" gray */
}
table.fmbox-system {
background: #f8f9fa;
}
table.fmbox-warning {
border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */
background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */
}
table.fmbox-editnotice {
background: transparent;
}
/* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon,
div.titleblacklist-warning,
div.locked-warning {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #bb7070;
background: #ffdbdb;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}
/* Div based "system" style fmbox messages.
Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */
div.mw-lag-warn-normal,
div.fmbox-system {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}

/* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other
ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "html body.mediawiki" is so
they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 238px;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 1em 4px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
overflow: hidden;
width: 238px;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}

/* Style for compact ambox */
/* Hide the images */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-image,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell {
display: none;
}
/* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */
.compact-ambox table.ambox {
border: none;
border-collapse: collapse;
background: transparent;
margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important;
padding: 0 !important;
width: auto;
display: block;
}
body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left {
font-size: 100%;
width: auto;
margin: 0;
}
/* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
display: list-item;
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style-type: square;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/MonoBook/bullet.gif);
}
.skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
list-style-type: disc;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.svg);
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.png)\9;
}
/* Allow for hiding text in compact form */
.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact {
display: none;
}

/* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */
div.noarticletext {
border: none;
background: transparent;
padding: 0;
}

/* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */
.visualhide {
position: absolute;
left: -10000px;
top: auto;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
}

/* Bold save button */
#wpSave {
font-weight: bold;
}

/* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot
be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on
[[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */
.check-icon a.new {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Removes underlines from certain links */
.nounderlines a,
.IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited {
text-decoration: none !important;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy
from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */
div.NavFrame {
margin: 0;
padding: 4px;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
text-align: center;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 95%;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
border-top-style: none;
border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
background-color: #fff;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px;
/* @noflip */
float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
line-height: 1.6em;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #ffccff;
position: relative;
}
div.NavFrame p,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
line-height: 1px;
clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
/* @noflip */
right: 3px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 90%;
}

/* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */
.hatnote {
font-style: italic;
}
.hatnote i {
font-style: normal;
}
div.hatnote {
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.hatnote + div.hatnote {
margin-top: -0.5em;
}

/* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. */
.listify td { display: list-item; }
.listify tr { display: block; }
.listify table { display: block; }

/* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]]
for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and
"latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */
.geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; }
.geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; }
.longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; }

/* Temporary(!) fix for horizontal TOC in Blink (Chrone/Opera) */
.hlist .tocnumber,
.hlist .toctext {
display: inline;
}
/* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents,
the ToC will display without numbers */
.nonumtoc .tocnumber {
display: none;
}
.nonumtoc #toc ul,
.nonumtoc .toc ul {
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style: none none;
margin: .3em 0 0;
padding: 0;
}
.hlist.nonumtoc #toc ul ul,
.hlist.nonumtoc .toc ul ul {
/* @noflip */
margin: 0;
}

/* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC;
<div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to
showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further
(as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which
there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */
.toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,
.toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,
.toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,
.toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,
.toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,
.toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul {
display: none;
}

/* Styling for Template:Quote */
blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-top: 0;
}

/* User block messages */
div.user-block {
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #A9A9A9;
background-color: #FFEFD5;
}

/* Prevent line breaks in silly places:
1) Where desired
2) Links when we don't want them to
3) Bold "links" to the page itself */
.nowrap,
.nowraplinks a,
.nowraplinks .selflink {
white-space: nowrap;
}
.nowrap pre {
white-space: pre;
}
/* But allow wrapping where desired: */
.wrap,
.wraplinks a {
white-space: normal;
}

/* For template documentation */
.template-documentation {
clear: both;
margin: 1em 0 0 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #ecfcf4;
padding: 1em;
}

/* Increase the height of the image upload box */
#wpUploadDescription {
height: 13em;
}

/* Minimum thumb width */
.thumbinner {
min-width: 100px;
}

/* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings,
file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */
#mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media,
#filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff {
clear: both;
}

/* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */
.wpb .wpb-header { display: none; }
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */
.wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */

/* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */
.mw-tag-markers {
font-style:italic;
font-size:90%;
}

/* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in
[[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-extendedmover.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */
.sysop-show,
.accountcreator-show,
.templateeditor-show,
.extendedmover-show,
.autoconfirmed-show,
.user-show {
display: none;
}

/**
* Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}},
* this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies
* to the same link as well. See [[phab:T45013]]
*
* Hide the images in editnotices to keep them readable in VE view.
* Long term, editnotices should become a core feature so that they can be designed responsive.
*/
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .editnotice-redlink,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-image,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-imageright {
display: none !important;
}

/* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */
ul.permissions-errors > li {
list-style: none none;
}
ul.permissions-errors {
margin: 0;
}

/* Pie chart: transparent borders */
.transborder {
border: solid transparent;
}

/* Generic class for Times-based serif, texhtml class for inline math */
.times-serif,
span.texhtml {
font-family: "Nimbus Roman No9 L", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-size: 118%;
line-height: 1;
}
span.texhtml {
white-space: nowrap;
}
span.texhtml span.texhtml {
font-size: 100%;
}
span.mwe-math-mathml-inline {
font-size: 118%;
}

/* Force tabular and lining display for digits and texhtml */
.digits,
.texhtml {
-moz-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
-webkit-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-variant-numeric: lining-nums tabular-nums;
font-kerning: none;
}

/* Make <math display="block"> be left aligned with one space indent for compatibility with style conventions */
.mwe-math-fallback-image-display,
.mwe-math-mathml-display {
margin-left: 1.6em !important;
margin-top: 0.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.6em;
}
.mwe-math-mathml-display math {
display: inline;
}

/* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */
table#mw-prefixindex-list-table,
table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table {
width: 98%;
}

/* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv
On wide screens, show these as two columns
On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */
.portal-column-left {
float: left;
width: 50%;
}
.portal-column-right {
float: right;
width: 49%;
}
.portal-column-left-wide {
float: left;
width: 60%;
}
.portal-column-right-narrow {
float: right;
width: 39%;
}
.portal-column-left-extra-wide {
float: left;
width: 70%;
}
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: right;
width: 29%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {
/* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */
.portal-column-left,
.portal-column-right,
.portal-column-left-wide,
.portal-column-right-narrow,
.portal-column-left-extra-wide,
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: inherit;
width: inherit;
}
}

/* Formerly for announcements, now used intermittently */
#bodyContent .letterhead {
background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #faf9f2;
}

/* Tree style lists */
.treeview ul {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
.treeview li {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
}
.treeview li li {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 20px;
text-indent: 0.3em;
}
.treeview li li.lastline {
background-position: 0 -5971px
}
.treeview li.emptyline > ul {
/* @noflip */
margin-left: -1px;
}
.treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child {
background-position: 0 9px
}

/* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */
td .sortkey,
th .sortkey {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element,
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes .mw-ui-checkbox {
display: none !important;
}

/* Work-around for [[Phabricator:25965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */
.k-player .k-attribution {
visibility: hidden;
}

/* Move 'play' button of video player to bottom left corner */
.PopUpMediaTransform a .play-btn-large {
margin: 0;
top: auto;
right: auto;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
}

/* Hide FlaggedRevs notice UI when there are no pending changes */
.flaggedrevs_draft_synced,
.flaggedrevs_stable_synced {
display: none;
}

/* Gallery styles background changes are restricted to screen view. In printing we should avoid applying backgrounds. */
@media screen {
/* The backgrounds for galleries. */
#content .gallerybox div.thumb {
/* Light gray padding */
background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

/* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency.
'.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */
.gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png) repeat;
}
/* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */
.ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff;
}
}

/* fix <pre> */

pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}