Clinical Studies

This article isn't fully developed, there are many studies that could go on this page that aren't here at the moment.

Causes of Myopia

Lens induced myopia & axial length change in humans

• "Significant changes in optical axial length occurred in human subjects after 60 minutes of monocular defocus." IOVS, 2010
• "The human eye is able to discern the sign of defocus within minutes after exposure to blur and make changes in its axial length in a direction to reduce the amount of retinal blur", Scientific Reports, 2020
• "During relatively short periods of accommodative stimulation, axial length increases in ... young adults", IOVS, 2006
• "The eye undergoes a significant axial elongation associated with a brief period of accommodation...", OVS, 2010
• "It is therefore clear that preventive approaches need to concentrate on measures that prevent or reduce axial elongation, since this would result in a reduction in both the need for refractive correction and the long-term pathological outcomes", Acad Med Singapore, 2004
• "Refractive correction of myopia will lead to accelerated progression", OPO, 2007
• "Continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression that increases myopia...", GACEO, 2015

Lens induced myopia & axial length change in animals

• "Extrapolation of these (animal) findings to humans predicts that natural emmetropization (normal eye development) will be inhibited...by early intervention with prescription lenses..." OPO, 2007

Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) & Nearwork Causing Permanent Myopia

• "Today there no longer seems to be any question that nearwork is a causal factor for myopia. " The Lancet, 2000

Reversing Myopia

Outdoor time & distance vision

• "It is now well established that spending more time outdoors during childhood lowers the risk of developing myopia..." BJO, 2020

Using reduced or no lenses (myopic defocus)

• "Results of this study suggest that such children, if myopic, may have an additional benefit of slowed progression of myopia." IOVS, 2004

Active Focus (accomodative training)

• "Training of the accommodative system...resulted in improved dynamics...This is consistent with earlier reports in the literature of improvements..." OVS, 2009