Difference between revisions of Clinical Studies

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{{under construction}}
Below you can find many third party clinical studies on the progression of myopia and how myopia may be reversed.
This article isn't fully developed, there are many studies that could go on this page that aren't here at the moment.
 
==Causes of Myopia==
==Causes of Myopia==
===Lens induced myopia & axial length change in humans===
===Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in humans===
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"Significant changes in optical axial length occurred in human subjects after 60 minutes of monocular defocus."'' IOVS, 2010]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"Significant changes in optical axial length occurred in human subjects after 60 minutes of monocular defocus."'' IOVS, 2010]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65151-5 ''"The human eye is able to discern the sign of defocus within minutes after exposure to blur and make changes in its axial length in a direction to reduce the amount of retinal blur"'', Scientific Reports, 2020]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65151-5 ''"The human eye is able to discern the sign of defocus within minutes after exposure to blur and make changes in its axial length in a direction to reduce the amount of retinal blur"'', Scientific Reports, 2020]
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*[https://endmyopia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The_progression_of_corrected_myopia_with_pages_as_published_clean_10.1007_s00417-015-2991-5.pdf ''"Continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression that increases myopia..."'', GACEO, 2015]
*[https://endmyopia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The_progression_of_corrected_myopia_with_pages_as_published_clean_10.1007_s00417-015-2991-5.pdf ''"Continuous correction of myopia results in a linear progression that increases myopia..."'', GACEO, 2015]
*[https://europepmc.org/article/med/3688185''"...A reduction in the axial length of the adult eye serves as an emmetropizing mechanism..."'', AJOPO, 1987]
*[https://europepmc.org/article/med/3688185''"...A reduction in the axial length of the adult eye serves as an emmetropizing mechanism..."'', AJOPO, 1987]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2711345''"...This study found that small but significant bi-directional changes in SFCT (Sub-Foveal Choroidal Thickening) were caused by retinal defocus in healthy presbyopic subjects aged 50 to 67 years of age...."'', IOVS, 2018]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010292/''"Small but significant changes in SFCT (Sub-Foveal Choroidal Thickening) (5-8%) were caused by retinal defocus. ."'', OPO, 2015]


===Lens induced myopia & axial length change in animals===
===Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in animals===
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x ''"Extrapolation of these (animal) findings to humans predicts that natural emmetropization (normal eye development) will be inhibited...by early intervention with prescription lenses..."'' OPO, 2007]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x ''"Extrapolation of these (animal) findings to humans predicts that natural emmetropization (normal eye development) will be inhibited...by early intervention with prescription lenses..."'' OPO, 2007]
*[https://endmyopia.org/can-axial-length-be-reduced-for-less-myopia/ ''"It has been suggested that environmental factors such as extensive near work act as triggers of myopia....The expression of AL (Axial Length) genes activated by environmental factors leads to the elongation of AL (Axial Length)."'' Ophthalmologica, 2011]
*[https://endmyopia.org/can-axial-length-be-reduced-for-less-myopia/ ''"It has been suggested that environmental factors such as extensive near work act as triggers of myopia....The expression of AL (Axial Length) genes activated by environmental factors leads to the elongation of AL (Axial Length)."'' Ophthalmologica, 2011]
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*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10343811/ ''"...spectacle lenses could predictably alter the growth of...eyes resulting in ... refractive changes in both the hyperopic and myopic directions."'' VR, 1999]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10343811/ ''"...spectacle lenses could predictably alter the growth of...eyes resulting in ... refractive changes in both the hyperopic and myopic directions."'' VR, 1999]


===Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) & Nearwork Causing Permanent Myopia===
===Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) & Nearwork Causing Permanent Myopia (PM)===
*[https://endmyopia.org/us-national-academy-of-sciences-near-work-causes-myopia/''"Today there no longer seems to be any question that nearwork is a causal factor for myopia. "'' The Lancet, 2000]
*[https://endmyopia.org/us-national-academy-of-sciences-near-work-causes-myopia/''"Today there no longer seems to be any question that nearwork is a causal factor for myopia. "'' The Lancet, 2000]
*[https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia?sso=y''"People who do an excessive amount of near-vision work may experience a false or "pseudo" myopia...Clear distance vision usually returns after resting the eyes. However, constant visual stress may lead to a permanent reduction in distance vision over time. "'' American Optometric Association]
*[https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia?sso=y''"People who do an excessive amount of near-vision work may experience a false or "pseudo" myopia...Clear distance vision usually returns after resting the eyes. However, constant visual stress may lead to a permanent reduction in distance vision over time. "'' American Optometric Association]
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==Reversing Myopia==
==Reversing Myopia==
===Outdoor time & distance vision===
===Outdoor time & distance vision===
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"It is now well established that spending more time outdoors during childhood lowers the risk of developing myopia..."'' BJO, 2020]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592235/ ''"It is now well established that spending more time outdoors during childhood lowers the risk of developing myopia..."'' BrJO, 2020]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18294691/ ''"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children."'' Opthamology, 2008]
*[https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/139488/1/1-s2.0-S1350946217300393-main.pdf''"The most immediate path to myopia prevention in schools is to increase the amount of time that children spend outdoors within school hours"'' PRES, 2018]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233810/''"..VL (Violet Light) is one of the important outdoor environmental factors for myopia control...VL exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression"'' EBioMedecine, 2017]


===Using reduced or no lenses (myopic defocus)===
===Using reduced or no lenses (myopic defocus)===
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65151-5''"The human eye is capable of responding to the presence of blur by changing its axial length, so that the retina moves towards the defocused image plane (using reduced lenses)...These findings provide evidence that the human eye is able to detect and respond to the presence (using reduced lenses)... of blur within minutes."'' Scientific Reports, 2020]
*[https://endmyopia.org/another-study-glasses-cause-rapid-myopia-progression-in-children/''"Our findings suggest that myopic defocus (using reduced lenses) slows the progression of myopia in already myopic children, supporting previous findings from animal studies..."'' IOVS, 2004]
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00608.x''"Compared with SV lenses (Normal Glasses), myopia progression was found to be retarded by PALs (Bifocals / Reduced Lenses) to some extent in Chinese children"'' OPO, 2008]
*[https://endmyopia.org/shots-in-the-dark-clinical-myopia-studies/ ''"Results of this study suggest that such children, if myopic, may have an additional benefit of slowed progression of myopia."'' IOVS, 2004]
*[https://endmyopia.org/shots-in-the-dark-clinical-myopia-studies/ ''"Results of this study suggest that such children, if myopic, may have an additional benefit of slowed progression of myopia."'' IOVS, 2004]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2189093&resultClick=1 ''"Eyes of chick, tree shrew, marmoset, and rhesus macaque can shorten axially when presented with myopic defocus...Implications for human myopia control are significant."'' IOVS, 2013]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2189093&resultClick=1 ''"Eyes of chick, tree shrew, marmoset, and rhesus macaque can shorten axially when presented with myopic defocus...Implications for human myopia control are significant."'' IOVS, 2013]
*[https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2393165 ''"The results suggest that imposed peripheral myopic defocus (reduced lense use) may be able to be used to control on–axis axial elongation (myopia progression)..."'' GACEO, 2017]


===Active Focus (accomodative training)===
===Active Focus (accomodative training or accomodative facility training)===
*[https://endmyopia.org/shots-in-the-dark-clinical-myopia-studies/ ''"Training of the accommodative system...resulted in improved dynamics...This is consistent with earlier reports in the literature of improvements..."'' OVS, 2009]
*[https://endmyopia.org/active-focus-does-it-actually-work-clinical-science/ ''"Training of the accommodative system (active focus)...resulted in improved dynamics...This is consistent with earlier reports in the literature of improvements..."'' OVS, 2009]
*[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Changes-in-dynamics-of-accommodation-after-facility-Allen-Charman/bb8e6b6b3e843c144582532d3bdbcfba520eba72''"This study evaluates the effect of accommodative facility training (active focus) in myopes and emmetropes (normal sighted)....The results showed that training (active focus) improved the facility rate (results) in both groups..."'' VR, 2010]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10947012/''"These results suggest that accommodative facility training (active focus) is an efficient method built on loss of symptoms among children..."'' DO, 1999]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11727875/''"The result of this study indicates that accommodative facility training (active focus) has a real effect on the amplitude of relative accommodation in patients with impaired relative accommodation..."'' OPO, 2001]
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3631199/''"This experiment shows the effectiveness of automated accommodative training (active focus) in reducing asthenopia (eye strain) and improving accommodative facility."'' AmJOPO, 1987]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:24, 24 November 2020

Below you can find many third party clinical studies on the progression of myopia and how myopia may be reversed.

Causes of Myopia

Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in humans

Lens induced myopia (LIM) & axial length change in animals

Nearwork-Induced Transient Myopia (NITM) & Nearwork Causing Permanent Myopia (PM)

Reversing Myopia

Outdoor time & distance vision

Using reduced or no lenses (myopic defocus)

Active Focus (accomodative training or accomodative facility training)

References